Workstations

About Workstations

Workstations and Sun Microsystems

A further development of the personal computer are workstations. But this is just no precise definition possible, as it is not possible for home and personal computers to distinguish from one another. The only existing definition is: ‘A Workstation is a relatively large, expensive personal computers, which will be used by professionals to work.’But the weaknesses of these single definition are already visible if you are calling into mind that workstations with multi-user operating system UNIX or derivatives thereof be operated, and it is quite normal that in universities and companies working at the same workstation. Some authors do not see Sun at the first workstation manufacturer. In the Xerox Star, the calculator, for the graphical user interface mid-seventies was invented, was called as the first ’staff worstation. This concept was invented at Xerox. But the star was a bit too early because he sold virtually impossible.

Workstations: have been developed so that today high performance computing, multi-user operating system, networking, a lot of great memories and disk storage, and compatibility with existing software is expected. Because of these claims will find on all workstations UNIX like operating systems. The range of workstations ranges from the performance of an expensive personal computers to expensive multiprocessor system, which, depending on the application, as a developing system or as a graphic or computer. The price starts around the workstations from $4000, which is not far above the prices for fully equipped, fast personal computer is. The upper limit is fairly open, depending on the equipment. Nowadays, the trend away from mainframe computers in data centers to a network of workstations. This has the advantage that is not purchased and expensive mainframes for years to be dimensioned, but computing power or centrally involved there can be made available where and when it is needed. The network is expandable to the computer that is currently needed. But how they came up with the idea to build it?

Sun Microsystems: We go back to the year 1981. At Stanford University was Andreas Bechtolsheim just finished his doctoral thesis. To support this work he had assembled a computer. His reasoning: “I found that there was no machine that only approximately the specifications under consideration, I would have used. So, I decided to build my own workstation’. Bechtolsheim had initially not intend to market his computer. He offered, however, licenses for reproduction for 10000 dollars. Even a marketing student named Vinod Khosla, he offered a license to. But he proposed instead to set up a company and finished the computer market. On 22.2.1982 the company Sun Microsystems was founded with 300,000 U.S. dollars startup capital. The capital came from two investors. Moreover, the two realized that they have a management and a consistent approach needed. They decided to use the UNIX operating system on their computers, because the target groups, universities, companies and data centers, using mainframes or Unix. Moreover, it was better possible to attract some well-known hardware and software specialists. These were followed by a numerous good developers to Sun. Moreover, it was possible until the autumn of 1982 a total additional 4 million U.S. dollars from investors to get. Until 1986, Sun was almost unrivaled, at best HP and Apollo (later bought by HP) built a similar machine. Accordingly, the business situation, every year has doubled the sales of the company. Meanwhile set but many other manufacturers such as HP, IBM and DEC (bought from Compaq and then from HP) in the workstation market.

Others, such as Silicon Graphics and Apple with its Macintosh, reported by the current wave of multimedia, record sales with powerful workstations with many special coprozessors. The current trend seems toward multiprocessing (multiple processors working simultaneously on a Unix system) and 64-bit processors to go. But on the workstation of the future can hardly suspect that the technology is developing too quickly.

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Transistor

About Transistor

The transistor and its consequence

1947 William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented the transistor. Initially, it was only used as amplifiers, but soon recognized its suitability as a fast switch. At the beginning of the 50s then the transistor was in mass produced and major customers was the military. Shockley and his colleagues received the 1956 Nobel Prize for inventing the transistor. Shortly before he was founding his company Schockley Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. It provides eight engineers, mainly from the east coast of America - the so-called Shockley Eight. He settled his company near Palo Alto, because of the climate and proximity to the university and also because his mother came from there and therefore he was a little locals.

However, engineers abandoned in 1957 because of disagreements over the product Shockley and founded their own company: Fairchild Semiconductors. It was the first company to exclusively produce silicon semiconductors. Its founders were Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Fairchild Semiconductor manufactured significant things like the “planarprocessor”. Then like an explosive new start-ups were founded. Almost all can be found at Shockley /Fairchild back. Even the beginnings of well-known companies such as National Semiconductor and Advanced Micro computer Devices (AMD) are to find at Fairchild. 1968 withdrew Robert Noyce of Fairchild back and founded Intel (Integrated Technology). Texas Instruments and Motorola are two of the few major semiconductor companies that are not in Silicon Valley have emerged. Almost the entire rest of the semiconductor manufacturer in North America began in Silicon Valley.

 

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